subtilis QM3 on the early germination of wheat seeds under pretreatment with a β-amylase-specific inhibitor, α-cyclodextrin, on the amylase, epigenetic activity of amylase, endosperm liquefaction, amylase activity, and amylase isoenzyme starch in the early stage of wheat seed germination, and to promote plant germination from physiological and biochemical aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of B. Further research is necessary to clarify the response of β-amylase in the wheat seed germination after treatment by B. subtilis QM3 had an auxo-action on wheat seed germination and has an obvious effect on the growth of tomato. It has a high reproductive rate, and a previous study showed that B. īacillus subtilis QM3 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from the Qinghai yak. Studies have shown that varieties with a faster germination rate have more isozyme bands than those with a slower germination rate, indicating that isozymes have a certain relationship with the seed germination rate. Amylase occurs as many isozymes in plants.
The extent of β-amylase activity probably determines the germination ability of cereal seeds. Its major physiological function is to work as an exoamylase by catalyzing the liberation of β-anomeric maltose from the nonreducing ends of starch.
3.2.1.2) has been closely observed during the wheat seed germination since the 1980s.
Β-amylase (a-1,4-glucan maltohydrolase, E.C. The activity and content of amylase are the key factors of wheat seed germination, even though the germination of grain seeds is affected by many factors. Starch is one of the principal storage reserves in the wheat seed. During germination of wheat seeds, various hydrolysis enzymes are synthesized and secrete mobilization reserves. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three most widely cultivated cereal crops in the world, and there is an intensive need to increase wheat production to meet the population demands. As an important part of life cycle, sprouting is the basis of crop growth. Timely germination and uniform emergence are pivotal determinants in modern agricultural production systems for many crops. Seed germination begins the crop life cycle, which is closely related to seed sprouting and subsequent plant growth and development, and ultimately affects the grain yield and quality. The increase in activity and isoenzyme expression of β-amylase may be one of the important reasons to promote the germination of wheat seeds after being treated by B. Moreover, after presoaking with α-cyclodextrin, the activity of β-amylase increased significantly ( P < 0.05) by 18.5% (10 7 CFU/mL) and 23.4% (10 6 CFU/mL) at the same stage of germination the electrophoretogram of β-amylase isoenzymes showed that there is a growing trend in brightness and width of the band during the early germination from 3 to 6 h of wheat seed treated by the strain QM3 (10 6 CFU/mL). The results showed that the changes in apparent activity of amylase and endosperm liquefaction after the strain QM3 treatment were much more obvious than that of the control group the activity of β-amylase treated with the different concentrations of the strain QM3 increased significantly ( P < 0.05) by 4% (10 7 CFU/mL) and 18.5% (10 6 CFU/mL) at the germination 6 h. The response of β-amylase in early stage germination of wheat seeds to Bacillus subtilis QM3 was mainly focused on to elucidate the promotion mechanism of B.
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